3 Carl Hempel, "Two Models of Scientific Explanation" Carl Gustav Hempel 's (1905- 1997) classic account of explanation is widely known as the "covering-law model. " It includ es two species : the Deductive-Nomological Explanation and the Probabilistic-Statistical Expla- nation . Since its introduction in the semi nal pape r co-autho red by Hempel and Paul Oppenheim (1948), the model has been intensely debated and criticized in the philosophy of scien ce literat ure. For although certain experiments are always necessary to serve as a basis for reasoning, nevertheless, once these experiments are given, we should derive from them everything which anyone at all could possibly derive; and we should even discover what experiments remain to be done for the clarification of all further doubts. That would be an admirable help, even in political science and medicine, to steady and perfect reasoning concerning given symp- toms and circumstances. For even while there w...
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How & Why To Give a Dog Massage: (Your dog wants you to read this!) by Kristina Lotz Canine massage?! That’s the response most people have when they hear you talk about massaging your dog. However, just like with people, massaging your dog can relieve pain and stress, calm nerves, and strengthen the bond you have with your dog. Rubi Sullivan , CSAMP (certified small animal massage practitioner) explains that “massage is a gentle and non-invasive therapy that is a great way to maintain your dog’s health and well-being, as well as regular veterinary visits.” What are the Benefits? Massage is a benefit to any age of dog, regardless of whether they are a family pet, star athlete, or somewhere in between. Sullivan lists several ways that massage can help any dog: Reduces anxiety Shortens healing time of strained muscles and sprained ligaments Aids in digestion Fosters a feeling of well-being Reduces pain and swelling (including intervertebral, joint a...
How To Heal Your Dog’s Tight, Uncomfortable Elbow Calluses by Justin Palmer on March 17, 2018 What Is An Elbow Callus and What Causes Them? Sometimes called pressure sores, dog elbow calluses can appear as a result of your dog’s body protecting the bone (the ulna) that protrudes from the leg. Continual trauma caused by your dog laying down on hard surfaces causes the skin to thicken in order to protect the bone. As a result of the thickening skin, the fur often falls out and the surface becomes coarse. Tile, concrete, and hard dirt surfaces are the worst offenders on a dog’s elbow. Hardwood floors and carpet are less problematic in creating these callouses as they are softer or smoother on the fur. However, over time any surface has the potential to wear down the elbow and create a callus. Large, heavy or giant-breeds are more prone to elbow calluses. Heavy coated breeds have less elbow callus issues since their thick coat softens the blow of the elbow on...
How Counting Macros Can Help You Reach Your Health Goals BY TRACY MORRIS Macronutrients, or “macros,” are the building blocks of nutrition. You probably know them better as carbohydrate, protein, and fat. Macros are the nutrients you need in large amounts, as they provide your body with the calories it needs to function. (Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals, and although they’re essential for good health, they don’t provide any calories and only trace amounts are needed.) It can get a little confusing, because people often refer to foods as macros: saying bread and pasta are “carbs,” and talking about meat as “protein.” Those foods contain more of that specific macronutrient than the others. But macros are just the individual elements, and most foods are made up of a blend of all three—pasta actually contains a little protein, and meat definitely has fat! Understanding macros can help you lay a solid foundation for a balanced diet. ...
DENTAL TRAUMA : Treatment options for broken down permanent teeth in the mixed dentition Management of cariously involved and traumatized permanent teeth in the mixed dentition depends on many factors. This article will seek to identify the factors involved in the treatment planning of permanent dentition that require root canal therapy due to trauma or caries. Immature permanent dentition requiring endodontic intervention can be researched by following the lifetime work of Jens Ove Andreasen or by reading the landmark research of Mejare Cvek and are beyond the scope of this review. Of principal concern in the management is the mean time to permanent restoration. In general, the permanent restoration is desired after full growth of the individual. Individual growth can be measured by taking a hand wrist film or two consecutive cephalometric radiographs that confirm no further dental growth is...